read_kalman — Read the description file of a Kalman filter.
read_kalman is obsolete and is only provided for
reasons of backward compatibility.
read_kalman( : : FileName : Dimension, Model, Measurement, Prediction)
The operator read_kalman reads the description file
FileName of a Kalman filter. Kalman filters return an
estimate of the current state (or even the prediction of a future state)
of a discrete, stochastically disturbed, linear system. They are
successfully used in image processing, especially in the analysis of
image sequences. A Kalman filtering is based on a mathematical model
of the system to be examined which at any point in time has the following
characteristics:
transition matrix , control matrix including the controller output and the measurement matrix
system-error covariance matrix , system-error - measurement-error covariance matrix and measurement-error covariance matrix
state and corresponding covariance matrix
Many systems do not need entries “from outside”, and therefore
and can be dropped. Further, system errors and measurement
errors are normally not correlated ( is dropped). The
characteristics mentioned above can be stored in an ASCII-file and then
can be read with the help of the operator read_kalman.
This ASCII-file must have the following structure:
Dimension row
+ content row
+ matrix A
+ matrix C
+ matrix Q
[ + matrix G + vector u ]
[ + matrix L ]
+ matrix R
[ + matrix P0 ]
[ + vector x0 ]
The dimension row thereby is always of the following form:
n = <integer> m = <integer> p = <integer>
whereby n indicates the number of the state variables, m the number
of the measurement values and p the number of the controller members
(see also Dimension). The maximal dimension will hereby
be limited by a system constant (= 30 for the time being).
The content row has the following form: A*C*Q*G*u*L*R*P*x* and describes the following content of the file. Instead of , '+' (= parameter is available) respectively '-' (= parameter is missing) have to be set. Please note that only the parameters marked by [...] in the above list may be left out in the description file. If the initial state estimate is missing (i.e. 'x-'), the components of the vector will supposed to be 0.0. If the covariance matrix of the initial state estimate is missing (i.e. 'P-'), the error will be supposed to be tremendous. In this case the matrix elements will be set to 10000.0. This value seems to be very high, however, it is only sufficient if the range of components of the state vector x is smaller to the tenth power. matrices will be stored per row in the following form: (the spaces and line feed characters can be chosen at will),
vectors will be stored correspondingly in the following form:
The following parameter values are returned by the operator
read_kalman:
Dimension:
This parameter includes the dimensions of the status vector, the
measurement vector and the controller vector. Dimension
thereby is a vector , whereby
indicates the number of the state variables,
the number of the measurement values and
the number of the controller members.
For a system without determining control
(i.e. without influence “from outside”) therefore
Dimension = .
Model:
This parameter includes the lined up matrices (vectors)
and (if necessary)
having been stored in row-major order.
Model therefore is a vector of the length
.
The last summand is dropped, in case the system errors and measurement
errors are not correlated, i.e. there is no value for .
Measurement:
This parameter includes the matrix which has been stored
in row-major order. Measurement therefore is vector of the
dimension .
Prediction:This parameter includes the matrix (the error covariance matrix of the initial state estimate) and the initial state estimate lined up. This means, it is a vector of the length .
FileName (input_control) filename.read → (string)
Description file for a Kalman filter.
Default: 'kalman.init'
Dimension (output_control) integer-array → (integer)
The dimensions of the state vector, the measurement vector and the controller vector.
Model (output_control) real-array → (real)
The lined up matrices , possibly and , and if necessary stored in row-major order.
Measurement (output_control) real-array → (real)
The matrix stored in row-major order.
Prediction (output_control) real-array → (real)
The matrix (error covariance matrix of the initial state estimate) stored in row-major order and the initial state estimate lined up.
* An example of the description-file: * * n=3 m=1 p=0 * A+C+Q+G-u-L-R+P+x+ * transition matrix A: * 1 1 0.5 * 0 1 1 * 0 0 1 * measurement matrix C: * 1 0 0 * system-error covariance matrix Q: * 54.3 37.9 48.0 * 37.9 34.3 42.5 * 48.0 42.5 43.7 * measurement-error covariance matrix R: * 1.2 * estimation-error covariance matrix (for the initial estimate) P0: \ * 0 0 0 * 0 180.5 0 * 0 0 100 * initial estimate x0: * 0 100 0 * * the result of read_kalman with the upper descriptionfile * as inputparameter: * * Dimension = [3,1,0] * Model = [1.0,1.0,0.5,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0,0.0,0.0, * 54.3,37.9,48.0,37.9,34.3,42.5,48.0,42.5,43.7] * Measurement = [1.2] * Prediction = [0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,180.5,0.0,0.0,0.0,100.0,0.0,100.0, * 0.0].
If the description file is readable and correct, the operator
read_kalman returns the value 2 (
H_MSG_TRUE)
. Otherwise an exception is
raised.
Foundation